Analysis and interpretation of findings about white privileges - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3024 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: White Privilege Essay Did you like this example? Analysis and interpretation of findings Topic (Question): Does white privilege act as a catalysts in the inequality we see today in South Africa? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysis and interpretation of findings about white privileges" essay for you Create order Introduction: in the following essay the concept of white privilege will be investigated on the bases of whether it is the cause of much of the inequality seen today in South Africas. As the topic develops potent questions will emerge like, Can black poverty to a certain extent be blamed on white privilege? or, Why people arent educated about white privilege or to a certain extent challenging it?, but at the same time not falling into the trap of telling a single story from one perspective as Chimamanda Adichie a well-known Nigerian author would put it. As there is a great danger of a single story. This essay will also explore who has the power to deal with privilege and its effects on society. As most feel it would the government with the aid of other political parties (source J and K, the DA having to take over due to the ANC failing to deal with the issue of white privilege and inequality) while others both black and white debate its a case where white people need to realize the power they possess and either share it with those who are disadvantaged because of it or rather attempt to minimize the amount of personal gain due to it (source B and G). Which they either need to give up or share. There have been instances where white privilege was given up or shared this essay will explore why this has not become a common practice. One doesnt have to search for long or hard to see the effects of this privilege. It can be observed on almost every street corner (source A, C and D, the video in which a white male individual assaulted a black on duty police officer, or the white tantrum often thrown in stores to a black service worker, and store security personal or law enforcement officers do not harass white individuals because of their race.) one can easily spot a black beggar being passed by white commuters who dont even look at them twice but as soon as they come across a rare site of a white beggar they are quick to offer them aid, from the element of preference as white is viewed as better. This creating a sense of preference as to why the white beggar was supported and not the black because at the end of the day they are both poor and in need. While in the black community it is felt that the use and abuse of privilege by white people has basically shaped the unequal and unethical communities we live in today. In which their children have to try defy all odds just to become successful while in white homes they are born successful. This being the common mistake yes white privilege does grant white people with certain advantages but there is a need to understand that does not mean they have worked any less than the next black individual. The advantages of white privilege just made it a bit easier for them to achieve all they desire (Source I where the white writer says, I was a beneficiary of an excellent education.)Which is the case with almost all white people while majority of black children come from financially struggling homes. Which results in those children being sent to under equipped, under staffed overcrowded government schools.(Source L, where the writer quotes Mmusi Maimane, when a white child grew up on an educa tion of R70 and black kids R2.75 per day?) is this not a system that was set up to advantage white people. Hence why the racial demographics of the country are not expressed throughout the countrys schools and even the countrys tertiary intuitions. Where the countrys black majority is being excluded from quality education. Hence why the high unemployment rate is backed by the large number of under educated black individual. . But we need to understand that this privilege is inherited by these current generations not created by them so it makes sense for them to be ignorant or even unaware of this privilege as they have grown up with it. Unlike those of colour racism and sense of being inferior as they are excluded from the benefits of white privilege. Which makes them think its acceptable to undermine and disrespect most if not all black people they come into contact with whether old or young because of the fact they are inferior to them (source C and how the writer describes the manner in which the white woman was treating the black service worker). A perfect example of this would be Penny Sparrow and her all too familiar comments on Facebook that describe black beachgoers as monkeys, in an apparent reaction to litter left behind after New Years celebrations, even more so basically stating they are uneducated and that are a source of discomfort to others(white people). Such leading to the conclusion that white people only love and value their own hence to the example of the beggar stated above. The same way a white tragedy gets so much noise and attention compared to a black tragedy. Leading to the argument being white carries power because of the past practices and beliefs of Eugenics and Apartheid which were practiced. Hence why we seem to value white lives more than black lives. (source E, where the writer discusses how the death of Franziska Blochlinger got so much media attention and was talked about for weeks after occurring while black people who get murdered every single day in the townships are not even spoken about) Most black people feel white privilege grants white people with the needed tools to become wealthy in this life an example of such a tool is an excellent education. With an excellent education system life becomes much easier to enroll into university then a dream job. While on the other hand their colored counterparts dont have the luxury of such except for the exceptions such as myself and a few others. But the case remains that black children are being systematically excluded from good schools, either because they are too expensive for them to afford as well as too far for them to try and attend to (source G which talks of the policy of exclusion performed with in tertiary institutions). We can observe white communities forming around the best schools examples of such La Salle College in Florida, Crawford in Sandton and The University of Witwatersrand all of these being highly recommended institutions of education as they offer the best system of education but notice how they are s ituated within white communities while on the other hand standard schools form around black communities like University of Johannesburg Soweto Campus, Mpanza in Diepkloof, Orlando West Secondary School in Orlando, Soweto. All of this institutes have their own black scandals from being overcrowded and having over 60 learners per class, to being under staff, to students being found sleeping in toilets and lecture rooms due them not being able to afford accommodation. Compared to black people in most cases 9 out of 10 times white people have it easier in life. A simple way of showing this is most white people who attend university live in accommodation on campus or two minutes away. While on the other foot a black people either stay on campus because their bursary pays for them to or live a t home which is kilometers away from the campus. Compared to the white learner a black learner has to go through so much on a daily from stressing about whos going to pay their fees in the case of them not being on a bursary. To having to wake up earlier just to use public transport to make it to school on time. They dont have easy access to private laptops, computers or even the web per say there for limiting them to use the school library in cases of doing research for a project or studying for a test. Compared to a white learner whose being sponsored by their parents. They dont have to worry about getting to class on time, or waking up early, or even where t hey are going to sleep. This simply shows that white privilege protects white people from certain hardships and makes it easier for them to do well. (source E, which also expresses white people are shielded from much daily abuse, and an external source the people versus the rainbow nation a video on YouTube, which expresses exactly the concept of shielding in the education aspect of white people having it easier at university than black people who are forced to work twice as hard just to keep up.) This can be easily illustrated by saying if life was a hundred meter sprint/race, between white and black people. White people are predestined to win every time, simply because they run a shorter and easier race. Compared to black people who because of white privilege are put in the backseat, and will always come last no matter how hard they try. Simply put black people are forced to run an extra fifty meters and have hurdles throughout their race. And this concept is not only expressed on the educational level but in every aspect in society. A drive in the township proves this as you will come into contact with a number of black people. Here where black tax manifests its self and is another reason for a lacking representation of the black elites. At the same time you will come into contact with the black youth .With only a handful few who managed to do extremely well in school, better if not equal to their white counterparts and peers. Who should be in university furthering their studies but dont have the funds to pay for it, or the fact the possibility the schools they went to did not offer them the correct subjects needed for them to study in actual careers. But as they come from a families that werent afforded the opportunities needed during Apartheid, like whites were. So they are left on the streets to either hustle to survive. Or waste their lives away on narcotics and crime. While at the exact same time a drive in an all-white suburb such as Sandton. You will come into contact with a number of white people and a handful of black people. Who do not live there but are there as laborers to work. In these communities you will find the youth off doing internships, or even job shadowing either because they were able to get the opportunity for themselves. Or had a parent or relative call in a favor to get them into these positions companies owned by family or friends. Or they are off to university of their choice, because of the fact they went to a solid and well known school. That offered all the right subjects needed, and because they have the funding to. Just that situation alone shows how white privilege has already widened the gap with in society. And that in a sense black people are predestined to stay where they are with in society. Struggling due to lack of opportunities. Crucial opportunities that could project their lives out of the state of survival that they live in. Into a state of which always them to grow and develop towards eradicating poverty within their communities. To blame white privilege for social issues like unemployment is valid due to white privilege having a major role in the education system which basically determines with career one will partake in, it is understandable for blacks to feel they are not being employed because of their poor educational background which basically labels them as limitedly skilled. Even the fact that most of them do not go to university or jump into petty jobs such as cleaners or call agents after matric does not work to their advantage. While on the other hand their white counter parts are as badly affected by unemployment due to white privilege allowing their CV to be as desirable as possible. As in the white candidate went to a good solid school, then to university and even has a bit of work experience while the black candidate went to school and thats about it didnt really do that well either in school. Its more than obvious whos going to get the job. But we must not forget we live in a hard time. Where it is hard to find employment weather one is black or white or qualified or not. As there are even cases of qualified black or white individuals not being able to get employed. The blaming of the use of narcotics even the practicing of crime on white privilege is not viable. As much as it is depressing to be unemployed or living in poverty it does not mean that one should now venture into crime to be able to make money or more so use and abuse drugs to be in a state of artificial happiness and no longer be depressed by the circumstances surrounding them. This a pure case of black complacency and lack of ambition, white privilege to an extent is the cause of poverty , but the alarming rise in crime and drug abuse cannot be blamed on it. This is simply a case of a person surrendering themselves to their circumstances and wanting someone else to get them out of their state of emergency they themselves are not willing to put in the effort to fall into such. As much as one will come into contact with the black youth from mainly Soweto, you will find those who practice crime and use drugs seem to have no desire to be great in life while their peers from the same circumstances are getting a chance to further educate themselves at colleges or are applying for as many job posts as possible in attempt to get a job to be able to pay for their own education at varsity. Others can be seen becoming entrepreneurs starting their own business selling fast foods such as bunny chows or fat cakes even making or altering cloths as they value a brighter future more than sitting around in the sun getting drunk or high plaining the next heist. This is another example of how well shielded white people are from the struggles in life. Furthermore the belief that white privilege strengths the bond between white people. Hence why they only love and care for their own kind can be questioned as seen in source E, with the white woman throwing a tantrum in a Woolworths store to a black service worker, soon turned when Lisa the writer of the article another white women tried confronting the tantrum thrower got a tantrum thrown towards her as well. Clearly showing that the concept of white people loving and caring about their own is farfetched, because white privilege has now poisoned the white body to attack anything that questions or tries to reprimand it. As also seen in source L, where DA leader Mmusi Maimane challenged white privilege within his party was then held in a battle with senior white members who felt that their places within the parliament and party were at jeopardy of being given up in an attempt to diversify the party. Conclusion In conclusion, white privilege is a catalyst that stimulates the issues we are faced with today in South Africa. The likes of high inequality, high numbers of youths unemployed. Who soon venture of to a life of illegal dealings or petty jobs just to be able to survive and not accomplice and achieve what they should. The fact that the racial demographics of our universities and corporate businesses do not represent the racial demographic of our country should speak volumes if not raise questions. The fact that our education system is so different with in white and black communities. White privilege to an extent is a cause of black poverty, but it is not the only factor that contributes to it, the likes of Black complacency and lack of ambition come into play as well. But it can be said white wealth and success is contributed to by white privilege. Allowing for the inequality status between blacks and whites to further widen with each generation. We can also conclude that it is possibl e for a white individual to see that they and their white peers (community) are privileged and for them to make a conscious choice to try limit their personal gain from the privilege if not share its power with those who are disadvantaged because of it. This then proves that white privilege to most white people is an ignorant advantage that they do not notice as they have been exposed to it all their life and assume everyone lives like them. We can also conclude that white tantrum often thrown in store at service works who are often black individuals. Is caused by the corruption of white privilege onto the white body. And that the all to famous tantrum is not only experienced by blacks only but by white people as well therefore showing us that white privilege has a negative affect not only on black people but on white people as well. Furthermore we can conclude the use and value of narcotics as well as crime as a means to escape issues of poverty caused by white privilege is not justifiable. There are black people out there who have had to tackle the same odds as other black people of being dealt the bad hand and also being deprived of opportunities. But after putting in hard work as well as effort have managed to become successful and escape the clutches of poverty. They have managed to go to university even though they come from poor families. They have managed to get well-paying jobs. So to simply blame white privilege for such is only telling one side of the story.

Challenges of Hospice and Palliative Care in Nigeria

Introduction Jessica Ajayi was a vibrant, intelligent, business savvy, wife and mother of three (3) just 6months ago, today; she lies in the hospital bed looking like her exact opposite: frail, weak, thin and generally lacking energy or life. She was diagnosed of Leukemia about a year ago and her health took a turn for the worse. She was in so much pain and discomfort. Alas, it was time to talk about how to make her comfortable till she was longer no more. She was ready, her immediate family was ready, but, the hospital wasn’t quite ready. Turns out, they were not well equipped for that kind of thing. In this paper, issues surrounding inadequacies of Palliative care in Nigeria will be examined. Health care should be a necessary right†¦show more content†¦Delayed presentation and diagnosis of terminally ill people It is a norm here for people who are ill to try to wave the feeling of symptoms aside hoping it is nothing and it will go away eventually. Meanwhile early diagnosis is always key. Sometimes, not doing anything about the symptoms a patient is feeling make it easier to believe that there is no serious damage happening to the body and that the symptoms will go away after sufficient rest. Others tend to prefer to go via the traditional method (Alternative medicine) for cure. This is mainly because most people cannot afford healthcare and the use of herbs is relatively cheaper that to go to the hospital. As a result, by the time all resources have been exhausted and the symptoms still present if not worse than before, the patient eventually visits the hospital; the case is always almost far too gone for any treatment. And all that can be done is to try to reduce patients’ pain and care for them till they pass. And even then, doctors are forced to discharge such patients as they ha ve no resources for taking care of such lost cases. Overwhelming large numbers of patients needing palliative care In Africa alone, it is estimated that about 2.5 million people die annually from HIV/AIDS, while more than 0.5 million die from cancer; Nigeria currently has the third largest number of people living with HIV/AIDS, after South Africa and India (Akinwande et al, 2009).Show MoreRelatedHealthcare System Is A Recognized Leader Of The Healthcare Services Industry Offering A Full Range Of Services2667 Words   |  11 PagesMedical Association Body mass index, Complementary and alternative medicine, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Council with adult social services responsibility, Commission for Health Improvement, Council for Healthcare Regulatory Excellence Care, Computed tomography, Disability-adjusted life-year, and Early intervention team. Christiana serves more than 35 cities throughout North America, Asia, Central America, West Africa and Europe. It has built a service network capable of addressingRead MoreHiv Patients And Case Managers During End Of Life Experience1 882 Words   |  8 Pagestreatments for chronic and incurable illnesses such as HIV are palliative, and the simultaneous and interwoven use of disease-modifying and palliative treatments constitutes the best possible care. Africa; HIV/AIDS; end-of-life; pain control; policy; palliative Introduction In this paper we are going to try to answer what is the better way to help a patient during their end of life process. I think that providing palliative care to these patients and assigning them a case manger is the right

Critical Analysis Project Management Plan

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis for Project Management Plan. Answer: Introduction The report carries out a critical analysis of a Project Management Plan (PMP) for a specific project based case study. For this purpose, the report focuses on the primary aspects and areas requiring adequate consideration for appropriately managing a project. The particular project chosen for making this report is Conducting an Exhibition for A Company. To be more precise, the report undertakes a detail evaluation, planning and analysis of the selected project. It includes identification of the key groups of stakeholders, how the individual groups of stakeholders are planning to use the PMP, what information is provided to each group of stakeholders as well as how they will utilize specific information regarding executing the project (Kerzner 2013). Apart from that, the report additionally focuses on performing a detail study on the individual theories provided by PMBOK and Prince 2, the two different Project Management System Methodologies. In addition, PMPs essentially need to be s tructured differently in accordance with the specific domain (e.g. construction, finance, information and communication technology and so on) that the project belongs to. However, the present project based case study is focusing on organizing an exhibition for a company, which essentially belongs to the domain of Business Management. Accordingly, the PMP plan needs to be structured keeping proper alignment with the most suitable and appropriate structure and theory. Background and Environment of Project This particular section thoroughly discusses about the background and detailed scope statement of the project Conducting a Corporate Exhibition for A Company. Project Scope Statement The exhibition planning involves deciding on the type and scale of exhibition, its primary objectives, basic deliverables, technical and operational requirements as well as the key stakeholders associated with the project (Schwalbe 2015). Project Description The Company has planned to organize a corporate exhibition, where the target audiences are the customers as well as the employees of the company. The exhibition will be a corporate event. For this purpose, executing this particular project essentially involves setting an appropriate project schedule, budget estimation and creating a work breakdown structure (WBS) in order to properly schedule individual activities and accomplish the project within a pre-estimated time and budget constraints (Verzuh 2015). The project is based on setting and development of an exhibition. It includes establishing the ideal theme, determining the financial resources, performing market research, arranging project sponsors/ funds, prepare advertising and promotion facilities and finally designing the entire event. Project Objectives The fundamental objective of the event is to facilitate an easy medium for communication and marketing through a well-planned event that provides an excellent opportunity for the employees to connect with prospective foreign customers and sell their products in a global scale (Turner 2014). In addition to that, the particular exhibition also provides an established platform that can effectively serve as a gathering place for the company members to meet with their foreign business partners. The project in turn is expected to raise funds for financing some new facilities and activities that the organization is planning to implement and actualize in the near future. Deliverables Below are the primary deliverables of the project: Identify the suitable theme and concept for the event Select the suitable date and time for the exhibition Prepare the final exhibition title with the working logo and develop the final design of the exhibition draft catalog Identify the audience segments and determine the human resources with individual roles and responsibilities Arrange for project sponsors/ funds and financial resources Prepare and distribute press releases, radio, television and print media partners Design and prepare exhibition catalogs, invitations, advertising and graphic works, create presentations, newsletters, Q A form and reports Arrange for installation of furniture, lighting equipment and artifacts Arrange support serve providers (official photographers, security personnel) and contractors Key Stakeholders Identification The key stakeholders for conducting a formal exhibition for a Company are identified as follows: CEO of the Company Marketing Director Finance and Operations Director Event Manager Project Manager Project Sponsor Contractors and Suppliers Audience Speakers/ Performers/ Client Participants Interest Groups and Associations Site Manager Advertising and Publicity Sound and Lighting Production Security Manager Infrastructure Manager Information Categorization for Stakeholder Groups Stakeholders Information Interests Timing/ Frequency Sender of Information Medium Project Sponsors Budget Estimates, Project status reports, updates on project activities Project earnings and the basic objectives of the project Weekly/ As required Project Manager Email, meetings, conference Project Manager Work requests, project status, documents (draft and approval), cost and budget estimates, project schedule plan, priority assignments, scope statement, issue log, sponsorship information Project deliverables, performance and progress of the project, objective and impact of the project Weekly/ As required/ On a periodic basis Email, Newsletters, conference, meetings Event Manager Exhibition concept, Financial Plan, Schedule plan, deliverables and technical requirements Nature of event, project benefits, attract visitors, company profile Weekly, as required Email, phone call, messages, meetings, Site Manager Site measurements, Site specifications, budget, technical requirements Project deliverables, nature, purpose and objectives As required Meeting, group discussion, bulletin boards Infrastructure Manager Exhibition concept, Size of project, budget, financial plan As required Meeting, group discussion, bulletin boards Marketing, Advertising and Publicity Marketing campaign, news coverage, social media, project agenda, scope of project, objectives and final outcome of the financial plan/ budget, target audience and methods of marketing to be incorporated List of Project outcomes, Time and Date, nature of event, target audience Weekly/ Periodic basis Meeting, group discussion, bulletin boards, emails Speakers/ Performers/ Client Participants Theme of the exhibition, objective, target audience Personal interests As required Emails, messages Finance and Operations Director details of financial operations and development and estimation of the financial plan Budget PMP, detail financial resources, project scope Weekly, as required Meeting, group discussion, bulletin boards, emails CEO of the Company brief or overview of the plan along with a total estimation of budget and cost, number of people invited, target audience of the event and purpose Purpose of exhibition, benefits and outcomes from the project, required efforts and costs and time As required Email, meetings, conference Audience and Structure of the PMP Audience of PMP The audiences of the project management plan are: CEO of the Company: Needs to see a brief or overview of the plan along with a total estimation of budget and cost, number of people invited, target audience of the event and purpose. Marketing Director: needs to see the part of the PMP plan describing scope of project, objectives and final outcome of the financial plan/ budget, target audience and methods of marketing to be incorporated Finance and Operations Director: Needs to look after the details of financial operations and development and estimation of the financial plan for the project Event Manager: Needs to have information of the details of project scope, description, objectives, deliverables and technical requirements Project Manager: All details of PMP Project Sponsor: Needs to know the financial plan, the summary of the project Contractors and Suppliers: needs to have information about required resources/ services supplied by them Speakers/ Performers/ Client Participants: Theme of the exhibition, objective, target audience Site Manager: Site specifications, budget, technical requirements Structure of PMP According to Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBoK), there are twelve individual knowledge areas of project management. Based on the specific domain of our selected project (organizing an exhibition for a company), the applicable areas of project management are discussed underneath: Project integration management: This method undertakes an integration management of the developed project plan; execution plan as well as implementing required change control strategies (Bennett and Ho 2014). This phase mainly associates with the development of project plan including strategic decision-making. Project scope management: This section includes the detail description and discussion of the scope of the project. The processes and activities required to be performed for successfully conducting the exhibition are included in the scope management process. Scope management deals with properly coordinating the project works with the budget and time estimated and planned execution (Gido and Clements 2014). Project time management: Time management is essential in order to ensure that the project is completed successfully i.e. in a timely manner within the estimated duration/ schedule. In order to properly manage time, firstly, the specific activities are required to be identified (Pemsel and Wiewiora 2013). These activities are performed for producing the key deliverables of the project. Project cost management: The cost management for the project includes resource planning, cost estimation, cost budgeting and controlling costs (Hill 2013). The cost management activities involve producing accurate cost baseline and estimates using cost budgeting tools and techniques. Project quality management: Project quality management is also necessary for implementing quality management plan. To be more specific, the tasks and activities associated with the particular project need to be appropriately satisfy the requirements and objectives. For this purpose, the project manager needs to carry out a systematic quality management plan (Beringer, Jonas and Kock 2013). Firstly, it is important to identify the quality standards required par the projects case. After that, quality assurance process is performed in which it is necessary for evaluating the overall performance of the project on a regular basis. Finally, quality control techniques are to be implemented using checklists in order to execute necessary process adjustments in order to make quality improvements. Project human resource management: Human resource management is another important aspect for organizing the exhibition. Most specifically, in order to appropriately assign the project activities, it is essential identify, document and assign the project roles, responsibilities and report relationships among the team members (Mir and Pinnington 2014). Moreover, several requirements associated with the project, such as staff acquisition, development of the project team are met by proper implementation and utilization of human resource planning using different tools, techniques and team building activities. Project communication management: For successfully managing an exhibition event for a company, it is essential to ensure timely and accurate manner. For ensuring adequate links among people directly and indirectly associated with the project so as to convey relevant ideas and information in order to successfully accomplish the project outcomes (Larson and Gray 2014). The communication management process should start with communication planning Project risk management: Planning and organizing an event or exhibition essentially involves a number of significant risks. These risks are to be appropriately addressed and treated in order to successfully execute and conduct the exhibition. Risk management is therefore, necessary to ensure that the final exhibition takes place in a smooth and successful manner. For doing this, the project manager and event planner are engaged in risk management planning (Kendrick 2013). It essentially includes identifying the potential risks and thereby performing a qualitative and quantitative risk analysis, risk response planning and risk monitoring and control. To be more precise, this process determines the strategies and contingency plans to be adopted in case of each of the different types of risks identified related to the project. Project procurement management: PMBoK states that there should be another separate area focused on procurement management for the project (Rose 2013). This section entirely concentrates on the procurement and solicitation planning, contract administration and finally closeout of contracts. For the present project case, the domain is essentially Business Management. In this domain, the knowledge areas discussed above is adequately applicable. The human resource management is essentially considered for managing the project team members and the individual key roles and responsibilities (Marchewka 2014). Apart from that, it is important to involve the areas of time, cost, scope and quality management. In addition, organizing an event essentially involves identifying the potential risks and thereby planning the risk treatment strategies for ensuring smooth execution and arrangement of the exhibition. Procurement planning is also important in the selected project in order to appropriately manage and coordinate with contractors, support service providers and the suppliers of required equipments, for example, lighting filings, furniture, artifacts and so on. Contents of the PMP Sections In this project, the major PMP sections that need to be incorporated for successfully managing the project essentially conforms to the project management theoretical frameworks such as PMBoK or Project management body of knowledge. The major sections are discussed below: Scope management: It involves the following phases: Initiation: the project is authorized Scope planning: A documented scope statement is required to be developed for future decision making purposes. Scope definition: The major project deliverables are to be decomposed or subdivided into smaller sections or components in order to make the individual activities more manageable (Karaman and Kurt 2015). Scope verification: The project scope statement is formally and officially approved and accepted. Scope change control: It is important to incorporate scope change control techniques in order to ensure possible changes to the scope of the project as and when required Time management: This section has the following basic components: Activity definition: The project activities are defined using work breakdown structure with the help of scope statement, expert judgment and assumptions. Activity sequencing: The activities identified in the work breakdown structure is analyzed and assessed to identify valid interdependencies and thereby documenting them using precedence diagramming method (Snyder 2013). Activity duration estimation: The duration of each task is estimated including the accurate number of work periods that will be required in order to carry out and finish each of the individual activities (Chia 2013). Schedule development: The activity sequences, durations as well as resource requirements and analyzed, documented for developing the project schedule. Schedule control: Required if it is necessary to control changes to the schedule estimated. Cost management: the components of cost management sections are described below: Resource planning: consideration of the vital resources including equipment, materials, technicalities, and people along with the exact quantities or number of resources used for individual project activities. Cost estimating: The cost required for the resources is estimated and developed. Cost budgeting: It deals with allocating costs to each of the individual activities in the work breakdown structure of the project. Cost control: deals with handling necessary changes in the project budget. Quality management: the components of quality management are described as follows: Quality planning: Identify the standards of quality required Quality assurance: evaluation of the overall project performance on a regular basis Quality control: Deals with monitoring the outcomes of the project with respect to the quality standards. Human resource management: the basic components of this section are as follows: Organizational planning: the roles, relationships, duties and responsibilities required for project execution are identified and documented. Staff acquisition: The human resources required for the project is assigned Team development: It deals with developing the individual team or group competencies such as site managing, infrastructure, lights and furniture equipment, advertising and sponsorship department Communication management: The basic stages of communication management are described as follows: Communication planning: It is required to determine the communications and information needs and requirements for each individual stakeholder (Heldman 2013). It includes considering who needs what information, when they need the information and the method or medium adopted to send and receive information. Information distribution: The information is to be made available to the project stakeholders in a timely manner. Performance reporting: It deals with acquiring relevant information regarding the projects performance measures, which includes forecasting, progress measurements and status reports Administrative closure: It deals with formalizing the phase of project closure by generating, collecting as well as disseminating information. Risk management: The major stages of risk management to be followed are discussed below: Risk management planning: Deals with deciding the techniques and strategies to be followed for planning the activities of risk management (Heagney 2012). Risk identification: The risks that are potentially harmful are documented and thereby required to be properly addressed knowing the characteristics of these risks. Qualitative risk analysis: A qualitative risk analysis is carried out in order to prioritize the consequences, impacts and probability of each individual risk from occurring. Quantitative risk analysis: It is important to measure the identified risks based on their consequences and severity of impacts, estimating the effect on project objectives. Risk response planning: It deals with identifying and developing techniques and procedures adopted for the purpose of treating the risks and enhance opportunities, lessen threats (Turner 2014). Risk monitoring and control: It is important to monitor residual risks, plan contingencies, and identify new risks as well as executing risk treatment strategies. Conclusion The report critically analyzed and evaluated the PMP plan for the project Conducting an exhibition project for a Company. The report includes a detailed description of the project along with a clear statement of the primary objectives of the project. In addition to that, the key stakeholders for this particular project have been identified for the purpose of categorizing the type of information to be provided to each of the individual group of stakeholders. Apart from that, the report additionally focuses on comparing and contrasting the project management theories and methodologies based on the specific domain chosen for this purpose, which is Business Management. The PMP for this project-based case study thoroughly identifies the most suitable knowledge areas for the implementation of the exhibition. Therefore, it can be concluded that the project organizing an exhibition essentially follows a proper PMP plan that conforms to the relevant knowledge areas described in the Project Management Body of Knowledge. The individual knowledge areas are thoroughly discussed with respect to the application in the selected domain for this particular project. This case project essentially belongs to the business management domain where it is necessary to follow the major characteristics and components of PMP such as project time and cost management, quality management and risk management. Each of these factors need to be adequately focused when carrying out this project in actualization. Recommendations Based on the objectives and corresponding PMP plan for the project, the paper suggests some recommendations that will essentially help taking the project development process in a effective direction and achieve desired outcomes. The following factors and strategies can be incorporated in the PMP plan for organizing a corporate exhibition event. Manage work plan, monitor and review budget and schedule: It is essential to review the work plan on a regular basis for getting a clear overview of the current progress and status of the project in terms of the budget and schedule estimates (Phillips 2013). The work plan needs to be accordingly updated to distinguish those activities that have already been completed. Furthermore, managing and monitoring the work plan on a regular interval effectively helps in determining the actual effort, duration and cost required for accomplishing the project deliverables. Similarly, a regular monitoring of the budget plan is important in order to adequately keep track of the exact amount of money consumed by the overall projects development and execution process. Guard against risks: Organizing an entire exhibition for a specific company involves a number of significant risks. The project and event management team should focus on identifying the known risk types (Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons 2013). Then again, they should consider determining the probability of each individual risk events as well as the possible consequences and severity of impact of the identified risks on the project. Ensure approval of scope change requests by sponsors: For ensuring success in organizing an effective exhibition for the company, it is significantly important to focus a great deal on managing scope (Burke 2013). The major deliverables of the project are to be decided. When the project sponsors funds the project, it is made sure that scope creep is avoided. Therefore, it is overcome by updating the appropriate business requirements, in which a proper approval is needed upon any change requests brought about the stakeholder. References Bennett, J.M. and Ho, D.S., 2014. Human resource management. In Project Management for Engineers(pp. 231-249). Beringer, C., Jonas, D. and Kock, A., 2013. Behavior of internal stakeholders in project portfolio management and its impact on success.International Journal of Project Management,31(6), pp.830-846. Burke, R., 2013.Project management: planning and control techniques. New Jersey, USA. Chia, R., 2013. Paradigms and perspectives in organizational project management research: implications for knowledge creation.Novel Approaches to Organizational Project Management Research: Translational and Transformational. Copenhagen Business School Press, Copenhagen, pp.33-55. Fitzsimmons, J. and Fitzsimmons, M., 2013.Service management: Operations, strategy, information technology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Gido, J. and Clements, J., 2014.Successful project management. Nelson Education. Heagney, J., 2012.Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Heldman, K., 2013.PMP: project management professional exam study guide. John Wiley Sons. Hill, G.M., 2013.The complete project management office handbook. CRC Press. Karaman, E. and Kurt, M., 2015. Comparison of project management methodologies: prince 2 versus PMBOK for it projects. Koong, R. (2000).ORGANISING AN EXHIBITION A Manual for Chambers Trade Associations. 1st ed. [ebook] Singapore: Richard Koong. Available at: https://www.nucleus-international.net/Nuc_English/E10_Download/E04_Special_Activities/E04-01_Trade_Fair/ZdH_Exhibition_manual.pdf [Accessed 30 May 2016]. Kendrick, T., 2013.The project management tool kit: 100 tips and techniques for getting the job done right. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E.W. and Gray, C.F., 2014. Project Management: The Managerial Process with MS Project. Marchewka, J.T., 2014.Information technology project management. John Wiley Sons. Mir, F.A. and Pinnington, A.H., 2014. Exploring the value of project management: linking project management performance and project success.International Journal of Project Management,32(2), pp.202-217. Pemsel, S. and Wiewiora, A., 2013. Project management office a knowledge broker in project-based organisations.International Journal of Project Management,31(1), pp.31-42. Phillips, J., 2013.PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Rose, K.H., 2013. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK Guide)Fifth Edition.Project Management Journal,44(3), pp.e1-e1. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Snyder, C.S., 2013.A User's Manual to the PMBOK Guide. John Wiley Sons. Turner, J.R. ed., 2014.Gower handbook of project management. Gower Publishing, Ltd.. Turner, J.R., 2014.The handbook of project-based management(Vol. 92). McGraw-hill. Verzuh, E., 2015.The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons

Literary Merit and Its Significance to Beowulf Essay Example

Literary Merit and Its Significance to Beowulf Essay Kayla M. Demaray Mrs. Walker Senior English 6 November 2009 Literary Merit and Its Significance to Beowulf Any acceptable novel has some type of significance enclosed in the structure of its story. So just what establishes this? These thoughts, expressions and meanings the author hopes to accomplish should always contain sophisticated literary merit. Well known epic poem, Beowulf, accomplishes its merit through masterfully infused figurative language, two of which are most common, alliteration and kennings. Beowulf is largely constructed around the monsters, condemned as outcasts, seeking out revenge. In Raffel’s translation he utilizes devises such as alliteration and kennings to emphasize and build fear of the monsters, add to suspense and accentuate action in the text. In lines 36-37 of the textbook’s, â€Å"From Beowulf,† Raffel uses alliteration in describing Grendel’s murderous crime, â€Å"He slipped through the door and there in silence / Snatched up thirty men, smashed them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The repetition of the â€Å"s† consonant sound elicits a fear and adds to the suspense of the story. It indicates the sanguinary of the slaughter, and the savageness of the sadist. In addition, in line 74 Raffel represents Grendel as a shadow of death, â€Å"That shadow of death hunted in the darkness, / Stalked Hrothgar’s warriors, old / And young, lying in waiting, hidden†¦always there, unseen. † Grendel is also referred to as a â€Å"heathen brute,† and â€Å"sin-stained demon. † The device is helpful to the story, creating a metaphoric quality, signifying certain characteristics the author wants to be presented of the character. We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Merit and Its Significance to Beowulf specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Merit and Its Significance to Beowulf specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Literary Merit and Its Significance to Beowulf specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although Seamus Heaney’s translation of Beowulf is far different from Raffel’s his devices accomplish the same significance. In lines 122-125 Heaney also uses alliteration in describing Grendel’s powers of destruction, â€Å"Greedy and grim he grabbed thirty men†¦blundering back with the butchered corpses. † Heaney’s use of alliteration is used differently in consonant sounds but has the same overall effect to the reader. In lines 703-704 Grendel strikes the mead hall again, just before Beowulf awakes to Grendel’s efeat, â€Å"Then out of the night / Came the shadow-stalker, stealthy and swift†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Both alliteration and kenning are used in this quote, displaying his surreptitiousness as he hunts his prey in his maddening for blood. Grendel’s mother is also frequently used as kennings throughout the story. She is illustrated as a â€Å"monstrous hell-bride,† â€Å"bewildering horde,† â€Å"swamp-thing from hell,† and a â€Å"tarn-hag. † Each kenning acts as a stereotype and develops a high level of metaphoric energy. Heaney’s use of kennings here depicts an imaginative tone that succeeds in forming expressions of its characters in an interesting depth. As Beowulf proves his courage and his outstanding deeds to his noblemen his acts of heroism are easily portrayed. He shows fearfulness and proves greater than that of the average character. Both Heaney and Raffel deliver numerous heroic proportions of Beowulf through kennings. Raffel describes Beowulf as â€Å"†¦greater / And stronger than anyone anywhere in this world†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He is also referred to as a â€Å"mighty protector of men† Throughout the story his respect and attention is built up and he becomes more and more worthy of recognition. The authors use of kennings appoint and support his notoriety. Beowulf is unquestionably a perfect example of a heroic character. Beowulf uses various amounts of figurative language not just through its characters but its figures, ideas and concepts as well. These literary devices help develop and form the texts major themes and symbols the author hopes to accomplish. Its unique structure captures the horror of the monsters, and the acts of heroism its characters perform. Two different translations, two different authors, yet the same underlying style of writing that prove them worthy of their transmuting mold of expression. Their use of sophisticated figurative language supports the complex character development, the profound diction and each authors original poetic imagining. Both Raffel and Heaney bring forth analysis of the text, its significance and its scrutiny through sophisticated figurative language.

Digestion and Important Functions Essay Example

Digestion and Important Functions Essay Example Digestion and Important Functions Essay Digestion and Important Functions Essay Anatomy   Physiology Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller pieces so that the  body can use them to build and  nourish cells and to provide energy. Digestion involves the mixing of food, its movement through the  digestive tract (also known as the alimentary canal), and  the chemical breakdown of larger molecules into  smaller molecules. Every  piece of food we eat has to  be broken down into smaller nutrients that the body can absorb, which is why it takes hours to fully digest food. The digestive system is made up of the digestive tract. This consists of a long  tube of  organs that runs from the mouth to the anus and includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, together with the liver  , gall  bladder  , and  pancreas, which  produce important secretions for digestion that drain into the small intestine. The digestive tract in an adult is about 30  feet long. Mouth and Salivary Glands Digestion begins in  the mouth, where chemical and mechanical digestion occurs. Saliva or spit, produced  by the salivary glands (located under  the tongue and near the lower  Ã‚  jaw), is released into the mouth. Saliva begins to break down the food, moistening it and making it easier to  swallow. A digestive enzyme(called amylase) in the saliva begins to break  down the carbohydrates(starches and sugars). One of the most important functions of the mouth is  chewing. Chewing allows food to be mashed into a soft mass that is easier to swallow and digest later. Esophagus Once food is swallowed, it enters the esophagus, a muscular tube that is about10 inches long. The esophagus is located between the throat and the stomach. Muscular  wavelike contractions known as peristalsis push the food down through  the esophagus to the stomach. A muscular ring (called the cardiac sphincter) at the end of the esophagus allows food to enter the stomach, and, then, it  squeezes shut to prevent food and fluid from going back up the esophagus. Stomach a J-shaped organt hat lies between the esophagus and the small intestine in the upper  abdomen. The stomach has 3 main functions: to  store the swallowed food and liquid; to mix up the food,  liquid, and digestive juices produced by the stomach; and to slowly empty its contents into the  small intestine. Small Intestine Most digestion and absorption of food occurs in the small intestine. The small intestine is a narrow,  twisting tube that occupies most of  the lower abdomen between the stomach and the beginning of the large  intestine. It extends about 20 feet in length. The small intestine consists of 3 parts: the duodenum (the C-shaped part), the  jejunum  (the coiled midsection), and the ileum(the last section). The small  intestine has 2 important functions. First, the digestive process is completed here  by enzymes and other substances made by intestinal cells, the pancreas, and  the liver. Glands in the  intestine walls secrete enzymes that breakdown starches and sugars. The pancreas secretes enzymes into the  small intestine that help  breakdown carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The liver produces  bile, which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps to make fat molecules (which otherwise arenot soluble in water) soluble, so they can be absorbed by  the body. Second, the small intestine absorbs the nutrients from the digestive process. The inner wall of the small lintestine is covered by millions of  tiny fingerlike projections called villi. The villi are covered with even tinier projections called microvilli. The  combination of villi and microvilli increase the surface area of  the small intestine greatly, allowing absorption of  nutrients to occur. Undigested material travels next  to the large intestine. Large intestine forms an upside down U over  the coiled small intestine. It begins at the lower right-hand side of the body and ends  on the lower left-hand side. The large intestine is about 5-6 feet long. It  has 3 parts: the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. The cecum is a  pouch at the beginning of the  large intestine. This area allows food to pass from the small intestine to the large intestine. The colon is where fluids and salts are absorbed and extends from the cecum to the rectum. The  last part of the large intestine is the rectum, which is where feces(waste material) is stored before leaving the body through the anus. The main  job of the large intestine is to  remove water and salts (electrolytes) from the undigested material and to form solid waste that can be excreted. Bacteria in the large intestine help to  break down the  undigested materials. The remaining contents of the  large intestine are moved toward the rectum, where feces are stored until they leave the body through the anus as a  bowel movement.

Service quality and customer satisfaction are important to marketers Essays

Service quality and customer satisfaction are important to marketers Essays Service quality and customer satisfaction are important to marketers Essay Service quality and customer satisfaction are important to marketers Essay Essay Topic: Marketing 1. Introduction It is the job of a marketer to realise, understand and effectively make use of how a customer can best provide the business with the profit that it strives for. As marketing in the 21st century has moved away form traditional offensive strategies and moving towards defensive strategies where pull factors become vital when attracting and maintaining customers. A customer will purchase a product or service for a number of reasons, all however, are to satisfy the customers need or want at that moment in time. If we can understand what motivates the customer to purchase we can start to understand how and why the customer becomes one of the businesses biggest asset as it is the customer who affects the bottom line measures of success, namely profits. In order to analyse the title statement and ascertain outcomes and conclusions this paper will examine both classical and modern day literature making reference to how the areas of service quality, satisfaction and customer retention have been focused upon in academia. This paper shall endeavor to highlight any relevance links between these areas of business whilst answering the question of the statements validity in modern-day business. Breaking down the title quote will allow us to compare and contrast past literature on the subject and how they relate to each other. 2. Service Quality Berry et al (1988) defines service quality: Service quality can often make the difference between a businesss success and failure and Quality is conformance to customer specifications; it is the customers definition of quality, not managements that counts. These quotes put in context the importance of service quality and how important it is to focus on the customer when aiming to create this quality in service. Berry et al (1988) describe service quality as being a major differentiator for businesses as well as being a powerful competitive weapon. There has been overwhelming literature on the subject of service quality on the past two decades. Gronroos (1984) explains a customers perception of service quality: it is reasonable to state that the perceived quality of a given service will be the outcome of an evaluation process, where the consumer compares his expectations with the service he perceives he has received, i.e. he puts the perceive service against the expected service. The result if this process will be perceived quality of the service. If a customer enters the market place with low expectations of the service he or she is about to experience it is likely that if the service is better than expected the perceived level of quality of service will be high. Similarly, if expectations are high it is going to be harder for the supplier to meet the customers expectations. The service quality cannot simply be determined by the organization, it must come from the customer. If the supplier can realize what the customer wants, and more importantly, what the customer expects, it can use this information when attempting to serve the customer. Gronroos (1984) goes on to describe Technical and Functional quality, see The Service Quality Model figure 1 below: The technical quality is the outcome of the transactional. This is what the customer attempts to find when entering the market place and seeks to satisfy the original want or need. The functional quality is how well the service does its job and is what contributes to the quality of the service. Once the technical and functional qualities are added to the image of the service the customer can start to evaluate its service quality. The image of the organization and the image of service itself can dramatically affect the way in which the customer perceives the overall service quality. Gronroos (1984) also explains that: image may be a quality dimension. If a consumer believes that he goes to a good restaurant and the meal, for instance is not perfect, or the behaviour of the waiter is irritating, he may still find the perceived service satisfactory. Zeithaml and Bitner (p.92, 2003) explain how consumers judge service quality: Over the years service researchers have suggested that consumers judge the quality of services based on their perceptions of the technical outcome provided, the process by which that outcome was delivered, and the quality of the physical surroundings where the service is delivered. The Interactions Qualities are the qualities that the organization attempts to serve the customer with, such response times and the ability to communicate clearly with the customer. Any combination of the five factors above contribute to how the customer perceives the service quality he or she receives during the interaction between them and the organization. The Physical Surroundings that the customer is aware of is another quality that contributes to service quality. This can be as simple as a comfortable chair for the customer to sit on whilst he or she is dealing with the organization the perception of a customers surroundings can influence a customers overall perception of service quality. An example of this would be Nike Town where the whole where the customer is encouraged to fully engage in the shopping experience as it becomes a day out offering customers to perceive excellent quality service. The Outcome Qualities are what gets the customers attention and what the customer wants to get out of the interaction with the organization. For example, if a customer wanted a jacket to be dry-cleaned the clean jacket would be the outcome quality. Again, the five factors listed above make up an overall perception for the customer on the outcome quality. Parasuraman, et al (1985) describe how understanding customer expectations through market research and open communication with employees contributes to the five service quality dimensions. If an organization can gain information about the market it can more effectively create superior service dimensions for the customer by identifying what the customer wants and how these wants fit into the market as a whole. Open communication with employees also allows the organization to gain first hand data on customer responses as employees often received on-the-spot feedback from customers. Parasuraman, et al (1985) also describes how management commitment to service and employee performance impact on how the service dimensions are perceived. Zeithaml Bitner (1996) describe the zone of tolerance and the two levels of service expectation, see figure 3. Figure 3 The zone of tolerance lies between a perceived adequate level of service and the desired level of service. Due to the nature of services variation can often arise from serving one customer to another. One customer may even experience different levels of service, or a lack or consistency, from one transaction to another. The zone of tolerance allows for an amount of variation where the customer still finds the service to be acceptable if the perceived level of service drops below the acceptable level the customer will become frustrated and dissatisfied. The zone of tolerance can increase or decrease for individual customers depending on factors including competition, price or importance of specific service attributes (Lovelock et al, p.127, 1999) For example, if a customer was given a complimentary holiday from a travel company they are likely to have a larger zone of tolerance than if they had paid full price. The level of service they receive may drop to below what they would usually accept but because the holiday was free they may not be dissatisfied. Just three years later Burrell and Gale (1987) show us the PIMS Principle (figure 4) and the relationship between Relative Quality and Relative Market share. This is a useful model to understand as it brings in the Return on Investment (ROI) which most models do not include. The equations are: High Market Share + High Quality = High ROI Low Market Share + Low Quality = Low ROI We must remember that service quality is rarely described as a cheap or short-term implemented part of business. Berry et al makes it clear that service quality is long term if it is to work. There are no ways to change the attitudes, habits, knowledge, and skills of human beings quickly. Service quality can add a valued differentiator to the products offered where goods in todays environment are largely undifferentiated. However, this will inevitably have an instant effect on bottom line success in that it will costing will increase. 3. Customer Satisfaction We can define customer satisfaction: Satisfaction is the consumers fulfillment response. It is a judgment that a product or service feature, or the product or service itself, provides a pleasurable level of consumption-related fulfillment. Zeithaml and Bitner (2003) quote R. L. Oliver. Satisfaction happens when the customer perceives the product or service to at least meet their expectations. The customer may experience fulfillment, contentment, pleasure, delight or relief. If the customers needs or wants are not met he or she will become dissatisfied. Zeithaml and Bitner (2003) go on to compare customer satisfaction: Although they have certain things in common, satisfaction is generally viewed as a broader concept, whereas service quality assessment focuses specifically on dimensions of service. Based on this view, perceived service quality is a component of customer satisfaction. We can see how the Customer Perceptions of Quality Customer Satisfaction model (Zeithaml and Bitner, 2003) is completed in figure 5. Figure 5 We can see that price is introduced as a contributing factor to customer satisfaction, whereas as price does not contribute to service quality. Most importantly, we can see that situational and personal factors influence customer satisfaction. These factors are beyond the control of the organization and are part of individual customers and what they bring with them to the market place. Customers emotions can also affect their perceptions of satisfaction, Positive emotions such as happiness, pleasure, elation and a sense of warm-heartednesss enhanced customers satisfaction (Zeithaml Bitner, 2003) Zeithaml are offering the notion of emotional transactions with the service delivery and if organizations factor this into the delivery it is likely to enduce a positive outcome of customer satisfaction, hence customer satisfaction is in itself an emotional state. This is important to marketers, as a customer with already positive emotions is likely to respond to the service quality with an already positive outlook when dealing with the supplier. Negative emotions will, however, have the opposite affect. negative emotions such as sadness, sorrow, regret and anger led to diminished customer satisfaction. (Zeithaml Bitner, 2003) Cronin Taylor (1992) describes the results from their study on Service Quality that they link to satisfaction and the relationship the results are as follows: (1) a performance-based measure of service quality may be an improved means of measuring the service quality construct, (2) service quality is an antecedent of consumer satisfaction, (3) consumer satisfaction has a significant effect on purchase intentions, (4) service quality has less effect on purchase intentions than does consumer satisfaction. 4. Defections Management Realising and effectively managing how and why customers decide to leave, or defect, from your company can have a positive impact on bottom line success. Companies can boost profits by almost 100% by retaining just 5% more of their customers. (Reichheld Sasser, p.105, 1990) Reichheld Sasser (1990) explain the cost of losing a customer in relation to the initial spend made by companies to gain the customer in the first place. An example of a credit card is used to demonstrate how attracting one customer can cost as much as $50 but this outlay is not recouped until year two. They explain that operating costs decrease the longer the customer stays with the company, and revenues increase year on year as the customer becomes more confident in using the service. Costs are likely to decrease as a more confident customer is expected to spend less time asking questions and more time making use of the service i.e. spending. Defections Management can also result in increased profits from referrals and price premiums. 5. Repeat Purchasing and Retention Customer repurchase intention is influenced by seven important factors service quality, equity and value, customer satisfaction, past loyalty, expected switching cost and brand preference. (Hellier et al, 2003) Past loyalty to the product is likely to influence the customer making another purchase simply due to the loyalty the customer feels towards the business. If a customer has been loyal in the past it may feel perfectly natural to carry on with a system that has worked in the past. Large organizations, for example, will often order supplies such as stationary from the same supplier because they have systems in place to make those orders due to past loyalties with the supplier. The expected switching cost can be a major contributing factor to repurchases in industries where joining fees or get-out clauses exist. Jones Sasser (1995) compare satisfaction with retention at Rank Xerox in the early 1990s (Figure 6). High levels of retention are not met until the customer is very satisfied. Just not dissatisfying the customer or even satisfying the customer is not enough to gain 50% or higher levels of retention. Rust et al (1995), however, say that scores of 5 will result in 97%, a score of 3s and 4s will result in 95% retention. We can see from this that satisfaction to retention varies from one organization to another, as well as from industry to industry. Figure 7 (Jones Sasser, 1995) displays how this relationship changes dependant on industry. A service such a telephone service provider (or most utility providers) often serve their customers because there is none or very little alternatives available. Contracts and notice to leave also result in customers staying with their service provider because it is more convenient, even if they are not especially satisfied. A motorcar supplier is shown to have the opposite affect as there is much choice in the market and customers are free to purchase how and when they like. Technological advances may also influence if and when a customer defects from one company to another, as they may desire new technology from a competitor. Robert Weisman, Boston Globe (2004) supports this notion: Some customers may feel trapped theyll continue doing business with their vendors because they have to, not because they want to. We can also explore the notion that loyal customers have a direct postive affect on bottom line business success. Much literature on loyal agrees that loyal customers will be more familiar with a companys transactional processes and therefore should find it cheaper to serve them (Reinartz et al, 2002) Reinartz et al (2002 ) do not agree fully that loyal customers have a direct positive affect on profits: Specifically, we discover little or no evidence to suggest that customers who purchase steadily from a company over time are necessarily cheaper to serve, less price sensitive, or particularly effective in bringing in new business.

Communication - Monroe's Motivated Sequence Assignment

Communication - Monroe's Motivated Sequence - Assignment Example what you’re doing in your communities as what we’re doing here in Washington; and it’s gonna take all of us working together.† These lines create the need in every listener living in America. It creates the realization that people should do their part too because any good outcome will also be for them. Satisfaction - The First Lady introduces the project â€Å"United We Serve† and presents how everybody can make the changes needed. She states: â€Å"With the knowledge that ordinary people can achieve extraordinary things when given the proper tools, this initiative aims to both expand the impact of existing organizations and encourage people like you and me to develop our own do-it-yourself service projects.† She presents a tangible, possible solution to the current problem. Visualization - The First Lady painted a verbal picture of how fulfilling it is to help other people achieve their goals. â€Å"The fulfillment of putting your faith into action and feeling that you’re part of something bigger than yourself, and doing your part for the greater good.† According to Price, this is an effective way to â€Å"appeal to [the listeners’] emotions and desires.† Action - As Price mentioned, â€Å"Remember, people don’t like to get outside of their comfort zones and spend their own time solving the problem you’ve presented, so be sure to make the action steps easy on them.† Thus, the First Lady’s offer to simply â€Å"Log on to serve.gov and let’s work together to build a new foundation for America† makes it easy for the people to act. It basically makes one feel that the solution is right at the tip of their fingers, and all they need to do is to click. Attention – Beiber’s opening statement of facts about being a teenager grabs the target market’s attention. â€Å"There are some things that just come with being a teenager†¦And then there’s zits...I can’t stop that.† Immediately, the target market will want to hear more of what is being